Childrens Literature and Literacy

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====== Literacy as Action ======


A central tenant of literacy as action is doing. The idea one has to transform meaning to produce learning, and the fact that this learning is only meaningful when embedded within authentic community use.

Participatory learning has epistemological beliefs that apprenticeship models more rooted in naturalistic settings work best. Dewey believes the school itself should be a laboratory always tweaking toward democratic ideals.Don't try the Open Classrooms...Not every idea can be good.

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A similar theory is situated cognition, proposed by John Seely Brown, Allan Collins and Paul Duguid (1989). Their proposition goes deeper into the social nature of learning and argues that learning cannot be abstracted from the situations in which it is learned and merely be transferred or applied in school. In the view of both theories, knowledge is situated as the product of the activity, context, and culture in which it is authentically developed and used. The culture of conventional schooling influences what is learned, and decontextualized instruction does not lead to effective learning.

Community matters in the construction of knowledge and therefore in building the web. Thus our understanding of how community grows is rooted in the work of John Dewey.Lave and Wagner bring us Community of Practice. James Paul Gee expands into Affinity Spaces. 

The work of the Frankfurt school, Pablo Friere, and Spache influence how we define critical while Vygotsky and Luria influence the idea of activity. , 


Returning to our online example of epistemology and ontology,  Dewey would have been a great blogger. In 1927 he noted, ‘[a] Great Community can only occur with free and full intercommunication’ (p. 211). Dewey knew we must build a shared experience around common goals with elements of experimentation and criticality (Bruce & Bishop, 2008). Thus informed by Dewey’s notion of “democratic education” Open Pedagogy allows people to construct knowledge from both the personal and the collective (Shore et al., 1996).

From this theoretical lens we must account for the networked nature of open pedagogy. While open classroon don't work to well in the physical space, online removes constraints. Dewey’s “democratic education”in this example would be operationalized by applying the concept of Affinity Spaces from James Paul Gee. In this example the epistemology is one of apprenticeship model with a worldview, or ontology, that aligns to critical theory.


Learning as activity explains the process and development of learning when individuals have the opportunity to participate in a community of practice. This first came from Lave and Wagner. They studied learning in real life settings

In such a community, new learners reach the level of the expert as they have more opportunities to practice within the context of learning. In this light, learning is unintentional; this unintentional nature of learning is what the authors call Legitimate Peripheral Participation (LPP). In LPP, the learner moves from the periphery of the community to the center as he/she gains expertise and engages and participates actively in the sociocultural practices of the community (Lave & Wenger, 1991).

James Paul Gee built off the concept of Communities of Practice (Lave & Wenger, 1991). He identified that the term ‘communities’ can over-emphasize how people are labelled as members or non-members of a group, a membership status which can be ambiguous depending on where boundaries of a community are defined and distracts from more important issues. 

In Affinity spaces, of and for learning, a learner apprentice's more with the community rather than a specific teacher (2004). Learning occurs through joint action where we pair with more advanced peers around an individual goal but united by our shared goal. Gee makes the distinction between communities of practice around the concepts of space which aptly applies to Open Pedagogy. Affinity spaces allowed us to examine knowledge, learning and technology in our examination of Open Pedagogy. Knowledge and Open Pedagogy.

====== Epistemologies of Learning as Doing ======


The Epistemological beliefs of these systems situate learning outside of an individual. You can not separate knowledge from doing (Brown, Collins, and Duguid 1989) rather knowledge lives in situ and can not be measured nor understood from the context in which it takes place. Knowledge in these models gets shaped by so much more than the individual. Lave and Wagner (1991) in their studies of apprenticeship noted the importance of identity formation and interactions within communities of practice in determining what a learner learns. Earlier, Lucy Schuman (1987) in her study at the Xerox lab noted learning is a reflexive process, occuring in and through the social and technical affordances provided. These affordances, the possibilities of action provided to a learner, get shaped by the networks and the people. You may utilize wikis and bots to access knowledge. Learning of all stripes gets encouraged in open pedagogy.

No one can tell you where knowledge lives or comes from. Psychologist have been using a computer as a brain metaphor from the time of the first punch card. Papert tried to expand our ideas and played on Piaget and Vygotsky in his idea of constructionism. Downes added the computer metaphor in his idea of connectivism. Everyone has mixed in the teachings from anthropology and mashed up the words sociocultural cognitive into more varieties than an ice cream parlor. Csikzentmihalyi asks us to combine the understanding of phenomenology that all memory and knowledge and culture consist of strings of interpreted events with behaviorism and cognitivism…leaving all the other theoretical assumptions of phenomenology behind. It would be like giving you a piece a pizza, without the dough and sauce and saying, “Trust me it is still Pizza, you can taste it.”

Since networks have emerged people have made careers trying define the effect technology has had on knowledge. You know, history repeating itself and all. Naming things is hard and we have failed at naming knowledge since the dawn of thought. Yet we put so much effort in defining rather than understanding the nature of knowledge.

===== Ontologies of Learning as Doing =====

Worldviews aligned to activity theory wouls posit we must recognize that knowledge exists as a social act rather than a set of firing of neurons. You can call it whatever you want.David Reinking calls for  multiple perspectives when considering literacy practices. Open and feminist  pedagogies we believe understanding best emerges through reflection. Literacy as liberatory praxis sees a worldview where the act of learning should be focused on literacy for liberation and agency.

==== Reflection ====


Have you ever stopped to think why do we spend so much time arguing over definitions of learning while the majority of the world goes on living and learning? We know reflection drives learning. Hattie and others have demonstrated this fact. Yet we still consider argument the highest form of writing and rhetoric. Why?

What explains this paradigm? If reflection drives knowledge growth why doesn't the education industry and national standards reflect this fact? We believe this misunderstanding contributes to the toxicity in today's civil culture and also believe the roots of the issue lie in heteronormative practices of Western culture. Basically arguments matter because men in power make arguments to justify their power. In considering knowledge and open pedagogy we ask you to reflect on the ambiguity, embrace multiple perspectives, and engage in reflective thought. As Rajiv Jhangiani and Robin Derosa note:

Knowledge consumption and knowledge creation are not separate but parallel processes, as knowledge is co-constructed, contextualized, cumulative, iterative, and recursive. Just as the open license allows for the remixing and revision of memes, it also opens the gate into a particular way of thinking about learning.

==== Open Pedagogy and Social Justice ====


A major rethinking of knowledge in open pedagogy requires us to recognize the role of networks. In our models of online reading and research comprehension we never include people in how we search and sift through information. For us we rarely start our queries on search engines. Instead we turn to Twitter, Slack, or IRC. At the same time people like Jill Castek, Caritia Kili, and Julie Coiro find that learning in networks, even in pairs matters when developing digital literacy skills. We need to rectify this discrepancy. Disciplinary Literacy models acknowledge the enculturation and ways of being but even in progressive definitions put forth by folks like Elizabeth Moje we downplay the role of people. Networks matter. In open pedagogy the more connections you have the more knowledge you have. Many turn to a facebook group. Connections like content knowledge are comprehension. Our models of literacy, especially open pedagogy, must acknowledge this.

In open pedagogy community IS knowledge thus community IS the curriculum. 

==== Learning and Open Pedagogy ====

Applying learning as activity in the classroom from a theoretical perspective requires a shift to more open pedagogy.

Literacy and language have always intertwined with society. Open Pedagogy is no different and it comes with all the historical baggage of inequality and privilege, but compounded by access. Once we acknowledge that learning on the web reflects the literacy practices of society a dark shroud falls over Dewey’s democratic landscape.

Acknowledging the web as literacy allows us to Halliday's exploration of language (1978) to the web. We view the space of Open Pedagogy as a sociotechnical system. Thus we recognize no separation between pedagogy and context. Teachers, students, peers, resources, and outcomes are shaped through their inter-relationships.

Like every literacy practice before it, Open Pedagogy as Hughes (1987) would point out is a sociotechnical infrastructure whose components include its users, builders, maintainers, and other stakeholders. Thus as sociotechnical system Focault would remind us that this evokes issues of power. We believe, even given the historic inequities built into the web, that Open Pedagogy returns power to the learner.

For the past thirty years we have looked at the sociotechnical system of the web as a technology issue and not a literacy issue (Leu, 2015). This has lead to educators utilizing prescriptive, rather than holistic technologies to manage the web (Franklin, 2004). This in turn further reduces the ability of students to read, write, and participate on the web as they do not touch the material language, HTML, used on the web.

Simply put the way we teach the web today would be like requiring students to read a book without learning to write a web. We are asking people to become writers but providing them with tools they can not shape and with pages already half filled. We believe a better way forward is to provide all learners with a space online to shape their own truths and networks.

We believe best way to support an open web is to encourage, and specifically design sociotechnical systems for our students to learn from a website they control. This in turn may improve their digital literacy skills while also allowing students to exert considerable agency, while we increase their potential to shape the internet more broadly. Technology and Open Pedagogy

LMS systems, like their social media brethren, simultaneously empower and disenfranchise their users, and we propose that open pedagogy can shift this balance in individuals' favor.

Much of the wisdom in every instructional design class revolves around restricting user choice or minimizing navigational pathways. It’s the electronic equivalent of the bold world in the chapter of the book, the same word you use to answer the first question at the end of the chapter. Knowledge, especially on the web, doesn’t work this way.

Restricting the learning space does lower the barrier for online participation. Yet at the same this has generally been accomplished in ways that empower platform operators, rather than students, most of all. How many times have you heard learning analytics at your last online learning training?

Reducing the learning space through the streamlining of decisions does make online learning more accessible. Predictable instructional design reduces the requirement and ability to make decisions about how and where to seek, respond to, and share knowledge. Many of the technical and other tasks required to maintain an online space are simplified into a series of steps. Yet this prescriptive nature of technology may do more harm than good.

Ursula Franklin (2004) made a useful distinction between holistic and prescriptive technologies. Prescriptive technologies take really complicated jobs, like running a website, and reduce it into a series of small steps. A key consequence of prescriptive designs is that they “eliminate the occasions for decision-making and judgement in general and especially for the making of principled decisions” because “any goal of the technology is incorporated a priori in the design and is not negotiable” (Franklin, 2004, p. 18). While we rejoice at how online platforms have lowered barriers to online participation, this has come at the expense of opportunities for the sort of principled decision-making we want to instill in our students.

Holistic technologies are those that support craft-like approaches where the wielder of a tool retains control of their process including decision-making and planning. Franklin, a deep critic of technology noted how prescriptive technologies limit our choice and freedom under illusion of convenience. Learning Management Systems are no different. We constrain the power of our students.

Latour also provides a useful lens for understanding how prescriptive technologies in online learning spaces hurt our learners. When technologies, like your LMS, present limited options for their use, the features to be taken as matters of fact, since they appear beyond the influence of most individuals. Ther matters of concern, elements we have enough power to change, seem limited.

Open pedagogy, through the use of holistic technologies, simultaneously promotes critical inquiry and technical fluency by turning the relationship between technology and society into a matter of concern.

Simply put, something changes when you give a learner their own space online.

We believe Open Pedagogy, returns learning to a state of holistic technologies mainly by requiring each person to have their own place online and then by creating networks of community and knowledge through affinity spaces.

Our views of community, knowledge, learning and technology plus our participation on the web has shaped the principles we build towards through open pedagogy. Innovation through Community, Knowledge, Learning and Technology

We believe open pedagogy acts as an innovation system. According to Freeman (187) Innovation Systems, “are networks of institutions, public or private, whose activities and interactions initiate, import, modify, and diffuse new technologies.’”

In ecological sociotechnical system work these innovation often disrupt existing models towards a greater good. Chiong Meza (2012) expaned on these ideals and they have many parallels in our study of open pedagogy. She suggested a System Agent Network approach where innovation systms lead to transitions over an extended period of time. Chiong Meza suggested transitionsL

  serve a need
  transitions are complex pheneomena
  Transitions occur through social desire
  Transitions happen at different speed.

We hope to foster open pedagogy as an innovation system that leads to transitions. We understand transforming and decolonizing education will take time and local context will determine the desire and speed of change. 

Tools References

Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge [England] ; New York: Cambridge University Press.

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